徽州宅居習俗

故(gu)時(shi)(shi)徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城鄉一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)體化(hua)住(zhu)(zhu)宅(zhai)(zhai)房(fang)大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)是(shi)(shi)磚木型式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)樓。清朝(chao)以(yi)朋(peng)友(you)住(zhu)(zhu)戶干凈整(zheng)(zheng)潔(jie)(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)特(te)有(you)(you)性。宋(song)代后(hou)(hou)(hou)面(mian)，大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)明(ming)（廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)）兩暗（差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多兒(er)童(tong)(tong)客廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)間(jian)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明(ming)四(si)暗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)合屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多進(jin)(jin)(jin)。門(men)口(kou)(kou)(kou)飾(shi)以(yi)山水(shui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)景(jing)歷史人(ren)物石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)磚刻(ke)。門(men)樓重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)飛角，各進(jin)(jin)(jin)皆開(kai)天井(jing)(jing)，送風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)透(tou)光，酸雨(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)枧供應量陰溝。學(xue)名(ming)“四(si)水(shui)歸堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)”，意為(wei)(wei)(wei)“財(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)流失”。各進(jin)(jin)(jin)彼此(ci)有(you)(you)隔斷墻(qiang)，兩邊高(gao)筑防火(huo)阻燃墻(qiang)（馬(ma)頭墻(qiang)），遠(yuan)(yuan)遠(yuan)(yuan)望去(qu)，正如(ru)古(gu)(gu)(gu)都(dou)堡。尋常也(ye)是(shi)(shi)些人(ren)家(jia)之系住(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)，中(zhong)門(men)開(kai)啟(qi)，三(san)(san)家(jia)獨戶過(guo)時(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。中(zhong)門(men)打開(kai)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些門(men)口(kou)(kou)(kou)出進(jin)(jin)(jin)祭奠先人(ren)。徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)貧困(kun)山區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)氣(qi)侯(hou)濕軟，人(ren)類尋常把朋(peng)友(you)住(zhu)(zhu)戶作為(wei)(wei)(wei)1個平日住(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棲(qi)居小細節，繼(ji)承原住(zhu)(zhu)民(min)(min)山越人(ren)“巢居”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。朋(peng)友(you)住(zhu)(zhu)戶廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)尋常都(dou)相對干凈整(zheng)(zheng)潔(jie)(jie)，有(you)(you)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、兒(er)童(tong)(tong)客廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)和廂房(fang)，沿天井(jing)(jing)還安裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)“仙子(zi)靠(kao)”。  朝(chao)北(bei)居：例如(ru)不(bu)(bu)(bu)算地形(xing)類型特(te)有(you)(you)，住(zhu)(zhu)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好方位(wei)(wei)，當任擇坐北(bei)朝(chao)南，但(dan)徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)清朝(chao)年(nian)代所建古(gu)(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)，卻(que)多數是(shi)(shi)門(men)口(kou)(kou)(kou)朝(chao)北(bei)。從(cong)前古(gu)(gu)(gu)徽(hui)(hui)(hui)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)(zhu)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)良事項。漢(han)代就流行歌曲著“賣房(fang)門(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)易南向(xiang)，征(zheng)房(fang)門(men)不(bu)(bu)(bu)易北(bei)向(xiang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)(lao)話。究其其原因，據(ju)五(wu)(wu)行八卦老(lao)(lao)話：商屬(shu)(shu)(shu)金(jin)，南方城市屬(shu)(shu)(shu)火(huo)，火(huo)克金(jin)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)好意頭汽車；征(zheng)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)火(huo)，東北(bei)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)，水(shui)克火(huo)，就不(bu)(bu)(bu)好意頭汽車。徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)清朝(chao)年(nian)代，徽(hui)(hui)(hui)商鼎峰，這些只(zhi)要(yao)給(gei)我(wo)發財(cai)，就回老(lao)(lao)家(jia)做(zuo)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)圖好意頭汽車，門(men)口(kou)(kou)(kou)自不(bu)(bu)(bu)朝(chao)南，皆造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)朝(chao)北(bei)居。目前為(wei)(wei)(wei)止徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)仍繼(ji)承有(you)(you)想法以(yi)萬計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝(chao)北(bei)古(gu)(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)。  屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)套(tao)(tao)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)：徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宅(zhai)(zhai)居很(hen)深，進(jin)(jin)(jin)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)前庭(ting)，中(zhong)設(she)天井(jing)(jing)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)設(she)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)住(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)，廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)門(men)與后(hou)(hou)(hou)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)隔，后(hou)(hou)(hou)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)設(she)這堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)二(er)兒(er)童(tong)(tong)客廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)，堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)室后(hou)(hou)(hou)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)道(dao)封(feng)火(huo)墻(qiang)，貼墻(qiang)設(she)天井(jing)(jing)，兩邊建廂房(fang)，真是(shi)(shi)首位(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)。最后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型式仍為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)脊分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)兩堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)，差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多兩三(san)(san)天井(jing)(jing)，有(you)(you)隔扇，有(you)(you)兒(er)童(tong)(tong)客廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)四(si)間(jian)，堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)室三(san)(san)個。最后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)、第七(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)也(ye)能夠 向(xiang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)多進(jin)(jin)(jin)，型式有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)這般(ban)(ban)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)套(tao)(tao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)套(tao)(tao)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。  重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)：徽(hui)(hui)(hui)派古(gu)(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)皆成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)雙層(ceng)玻璃屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)。這重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習俗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)，更(geng)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)大(da)(da)眾傳承的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典故(gu)。相傳，五(wu)(wu)代十(shi)國時(shi)(shi)，歙(she)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)是(shi)(shi)南唐(tang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)主(zhu)李煜所轄(xia)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方。趙匡胤打著陳(chen)橋兵變，確立(li)宋(song)朝(chao)，親(qin)征(zheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)(le)歙(she)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)法宋(song)太(tai)(tai)祖趕往(wang)今休寧縣海(hai)陽(yang)門(men)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，天色逐漸轉變，暴(bao)雨(yu)即將到(dao)來，太(tai)(tai)祖便(bian)至一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)瓦(wa)房(fang)處躲雨(yu)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)免噪(zao)聲擾民(min)(min)，太(tai)(tai)祖嚴(yan)令不(bu)(bu)(bu)可加入(ru)酒(jiu)店內，只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)很(hen)低，遠(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)華夏區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)那(nei)樣長(chang)，加在(zai)(zai)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)暴(bao)雨(yu)急，世人(ren)都(dou)被(bei)淋了(le)(le)(le)個落(luo)湯雞。雨(yu)過(guo)天晴，市民(min)(min)開(kai)館會發現太(tai)(tai)祖此(ci)般(ban)(ban)真實(shi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)(wei)死罪鎖情(qing)，跪(gui)地沒法，太(tai)(tai)祖卻(que)未抱(bao)怨，詢問：歙(she)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)哪些造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這些窄(zhai)呢？給(gei)村民(min)(min)答曰“真是(shi)(shi)祖上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)秦制(zhi)掉了(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，無疑有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)這般(ban)(ban)。”太(tai)(tai)祖人(ren)行道(dao)：“原以(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)祖上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)改，但(dan)我(wo)們能夠 在(zai)(zai)下面(mian)再(zai)修一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)，以(yi)便(bian)于過(guo)往(wang)云煙變道(dao)躲雨(yu)。”村門(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)亭，連稱有(you)(you)理啊，因而完畢照辦(ban)，從(cong)此(ci)后(hou)(hou)(hou)面(mian)，徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)慢(man)慢(man)幾乎所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)都(dou)修摸了(le)(le)(le)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多側(ce)多層(ceng)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)。 滿頂(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)：徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)過(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)具(ju)。是(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)床(chuang)(chuang)頂(ding)、床(chuang)(chuang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)和床(chuang)(chuang)頭柜均用(yong)(yong)(yong)板式搭成(cheng)(cheng)，故(gu)有(you)(you)“滿頂(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)”。床(chuang)(chuang)前掛帳幔，正如(ru)報道(dao)臺。床(chuang)(chuang)柱二(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)榧竹木作，是(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)榧若(ruo)干年(nian)花(hua)(hua)果(guo)同樹生而，取“四(si)代同堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)”和“五(wu)(wu)世興盛”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩頭。床(chuang)(chuang)板實(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)7塊，寓“五(wu)(wu)男(nan)二(er)女”之意。床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)視圖，雕(diao)(diao)(diao)飾(shi)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)說法，差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多倆(lia)測尋常雕(diao)(diao)(diao)飾(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“丹鳳(feng)朝(chao)陽(yang)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)”，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)牙板雕(diao)(diao)(diao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“雙龍戲珠”。床(chuang)(chuang)周欄(lan)板尋常均雕(diao)(diao)(diao)有(you)(you)“金(jin)龍戲牡(mu)丹花(hua)(hua)”、“松鼠與巨峰葡萄”、“鴛(yuan)鴦戲水(shui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)戲水(shui)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)”等精品花(hua)(hua)圖案。  壓(ya)畫(hua)桌(zhuo)：徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宅(zhai)(zhai)居的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擺設(she)。徽(hui)(hui)(hui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)民(min)(min)宅(zhai)(zhai)廳(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)正當中(zhong)表面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)多掛中(zhong)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)畫(hua)、對聯內容，或用(yong)(yong)(yong)升(sheng)幅紅紙寫(xie)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)“天下君親(qin)師”五(wu)(wu)字，均裝(zhuang)裱成(cheng)(cheng)秘藥(yao)擺。在(zai)(zai)秘藥(yao)之后(hou)(hou)(hou)設(she)長(chang)條(tiao)桌(zhuo)，桌(zhuo)表面(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)放到(dao)三(san)(san)個馬(ma)鞍形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)腳，秘藥(yao)向(xiang)外拉伸至長(chang)條(tiao)桌(zhuo)，擱入(ru)畫(hua)腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“馬(ma)鞍”內，畫(hua)幅即平整(zheng)(zheng)度堅實(shi)，此(ci)長(chang)條(tiao)桌(zhuo)則(ze)稱“壓(ya)畫(hua)桌(zhuo)”。